ADMISSION GOES ON FOR OUR ONLINE ENGLISH COACHING CLASS

PARTS OF SPEECH   (A NEW APPROACH)

Author: 
PROF. V. MAHENDIRAN
FOUNDER/ VISITING PROF.
MAHENDIRAA INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH 
NAGAPATTINAM
Mobile: 9842490745
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PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

🌐 INTRODUCTION  
Any word we use in the language would belong to any one of 10 parts. If we add punctuation in this case , there  would be 11 parts of speech in English.
NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, AUXILIARY, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, ARTICLES, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION and PUNCTUATION are those parts.
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🌐 NOUN is a word that is seen anything in front of us. Four kinds of nouns are there. See "classification of nouns" in this page.
CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
There are 4 kinds of nouns.
PROPER
COMMON
COLLECTIVE
ABSTRACT
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PROPER NOUN means
names of persons/ countries/ Months/ days.
(RAJU INDIA CHENNAI TAMILNADU JANUARY MONDAY)

COMMON NOUN means
Common persons, things, places, any living and non living being.
(FATHER MOTHER SISTER TEMPLE PARK FISH SEA TEA TIGER FOREST CROW WATER MAN WOMAN SHOP ROAD RECEIPT CAR VAN DRIVER FOOD and so on...)

COLLECTIVE NOUN means
A bunch of persons/ things..
Anything that is mass of amount.
(MILITARY GANG CROWD POLICE TEAM CATTLE UNIT SQUAD and so on...)

ABSTRACT NOUN means
Quality or status or dignity of a person or a thing or anything.
Can't see or feel but recognize them.
(INVESTIGATION EXAMINATION AWARENESS PRECAUTION VELOCITY GRAVITY POSSESSEVINESS
AMBITION ENEMINESS (enemy is common noun) TRUST FUND SUFFICIENCY LACKNESS BEAUTY UGLINESS SENSE KNOWLEDGE FOOLISHNESS CORRECTION and so on...)
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🌐 PRONOUN is a word that is used instead of a noun.
Basic pronouns are so important.

I, WE YOU, HE, SHE, IT THEY are SUBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

ME, US, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM are OBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

MY, OUR, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR are POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVAL BASIC PRONOUNS.

MINE, OURS, YOURS, HIS, HERS, ITS, THEIRS are POSSESSIVE BSSIC PRONOUNS.

MYSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSEF/YOURSELVES, HIMSELF, HERSELF, ITSELF, THEMSELVES are REFLEXIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

Let's see it just deeply.
Pronouns are the words used instead of nouns.
(Noun பெயர்ச்சொல்
Pronoun பிரதிப் பெயர்ச்சொல்.)

Kala        SHE
Tiger       IT
Snake      IT
Tiger and Snake THEY
Sachin.    HE
Sachin and Ragul  THEY

I WE YOU are called personal pronouns.

So, Let's see all basic pronouns title versa.

SUBJECTIVE basic Pronouns
➡️I நான்
➡️WE நாங்கள்/நாம்
➡️YOU நீ
➡️HE அவன்
➡️SHE அவள்
➡️ITஅது
➡️THEY அவர்கள்,அவைகள்
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OBJECTIVE basic Pronouns.
➡️ME என்னை
➡️US எங்களை,நம்மை
➡️YOU உன்னை
➡️HIM அவனை
➡️HER அவளை
➡️IT அதனை
➡️THEM அவர்களை, அவைகளை
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POSSESSIVE Adjectival pronouns.
➡️MY என்னுடைய
➡️OUR எஙகளுடைய நம்முடைய
➡️YOUR உன்னுடைய
➡️HIS அவனுடைய
➡️HER அவளுடைய
➡️ITS அதனுடைய
➡️THEIR அவர்களுடைய, அவர்களுடைய.
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POSSESSIVE basic pronouns.
➡️MINE என்னுடையது
➡️OURS எஙகளுடையது, நம்முடையது
➡️YOURS உன்னுடையது
➡️HIS அவனுடையது
➡️HERS அவளுடையது
➡️ITS அதனுடையது
➡️THEIRS அவர்களுடையது, அவர்களுடையது.
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REFLEXIVE basic pronouns.
➡️MYSELF நானாகவே
➡️OURSELVES நாங்களாகவே/நாமாகவே
➡️YOURSELF/YOURSELVES  நீயாகவே/நீங்களாகவே 
➡️HIMSELF அவனாகவே
➡️HERSELF அவளாகவே 
➡️ITSELF அதுவாகவே 
➡️THEMSELVES அவர்களாகவே/அவைகளாகவே
___________________
Note: Some more pronouns are there, will be taught later.
Before that, frame your own sentence using every pronoun in English, if possible also in Tamil.
Eg. I, ME, MY, MINE
🔹I am a Prof.
🔹All call me Prof.Mahendiran
🔹My ambition is to make all be good in English.
🔹All the matters seen here are mine.

As I have done above for I case, write for all WE YOU HE SHE IT and THEY cases.

Some other pronouns are there namely, DEMONSTRATIVE, INDEFINTE, INTERROGATIVE/RELATIVE, RECIPROCAL, DISTRIBUTIVE Pronouns. They are also leading pronouns in the language.(See Pronouns in this page)
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🌐 VERB is the soul of the language. A word that gives an action to a sentence is verb.
Millions are there. Every verb functions as four forms.
V1, V2, V3, V4. These are called respectively PRESENT FORM, PAST FORM, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM and PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM.
(See, the details of verbs in this page)
These are used in 20 tenses with a support of auxiliary. No verb functions without auxiliary in a sentence. ( A.V TABLE FOR 20 TENSES)
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🌐 AUXILIARY is a word that supports to a verb for its action.
A verb cannot function in a sentence without an auxiliary.

There are only 26 auxiliaries in the language.
AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE
These are called DESIGNATED AUXILIARY CUM VERB. These words can function as an auxiliary and as a verb in different situations.
The feature of these words is, when these are used as a verb, they will not take any auxiliary for support.

DO, DOES, DID, HAVE, HAS, HAD, BE, BEEN, BEING - are called AUXILIARY CUM VERB.
These too can be used as an auxiliary and as a verb in different situations.
When they are used as a verb they would need an auxiliary for support.

MAY CAN SHALL WILL - are called PURE AUXILIARIES.
They cannot be used as a verb at any situation.

MIGHT COULD WOULD SHOULD MUST OUGHT TO - known as Premium pure auxiliaries. They too can be used only as an auxiliary. Can never be used as a verb.
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🌐 ADJECTIVE is a word that describes quality of a noun, placing before or placing after a be form verb is called ADJECTIVE.
" She is a BEAUTIFUL girl"
" She is BEAUTIFUL"

BEAUTIFUL is adjective here. It is describing the girl's quality.

First one is ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE and the second one is PREDICATE ADJECTIVE.

Another one is there, that is, POST POSITIVE POSITION.
"Kamarajar THE GREAT was  genius and honest in politics"
(Genius and honest also adjectives here. They are in PREDICATE position.)
This position is used rarely in the language.

Anyway, an adjective can function in three positions.
Attributive position (placing before a noun)  and Predicate position (placing after a 'be' form verb in pure present or past tense) are frequently used in the language. The last one is post positive position. Rarely it is used.

Let's go the ATTRIBUTIVE  position. That is very important.
SMART BOY
MINI SKIRT
ROYAL FAMILY
INTELLIGENT PERSON
POOR MAN
RICH WOMAN
CRITICAL STATUS
FREQUENT ABILITY
TOUGH QUESTION
EXAMINATION HALL
HALL SUPERVISOR
SUPERVISOR ROLE
GOOD BOOK
BOOK STALL
STALL ITEMS
RUNNING RACE
RACE CAR
CAR DRIVER
DRIVER DUTY
DUTY DOCTOR
DOCTOR'S ROOM
ROOM MATE
SPOKEN ENGLISH
ENGLISH TEACHER
TEACHER JOB
JOB SEEKER
DRIVING LICENCE
LICENCE HOLDER
Of these, the first word in each is ADJECTIVE. It describes the status or quality of the second word, that is NOUN .
As the adjective in each set is placed before the noun, it is called ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION.

Many varieties are there in this position.
1.Standard adjective
2.Noun adjective
3.Past participle adjective
4.Present participle adjective
5.Definite/Demonstrative adjective
6.Indefinite adjective
7.Possessive adjective

1.Standard Adjective means, a stamp marked adjective. Only This is called ADJECTIVE in parts of speech whereas other types belong to other parts of speech.
This type adjective ends in ...al,
.....ive, .......ous, ......nt, ......full.
NATURAL scene
ACTIVE person
MISCELLANEOUS file
CONSTANT idea
BEAUTIFUL bungalow.

The feature of this type of adjective is that, only it can be used in ATTRIBUTIVE and PREDICATE positions whereas other types cannot be used.

2. Noun adjective means that a noun can describe an another one noun adjecently.
ENGLISH teacher
ROOM mate
CLASS room
ELECTION booth
*You can frame many like these.

3. Past participle adjective means that a past participle form of verb can describe the quality of a noun.
SPOKEN English
BROKEN pieces
CLOSED file
SENTENCED accused
RESERVED seat

4. Present participle adjective means that a present participle form of a verb can be an adjective.
SPEAKING toy
RUNNING race
SWIMMING pool
SMOKING room
LISTENING skills
DRIVING licence

5. Definite or Demonstrative adjective means that some definite pronouns can be an adjective.
THAT boy
THESE persons
THOSE students
THIS guy
SUCH matter

6. Indefinite adjective means that some indefinite pronouns can be an adjective.
SOME boys
A FEW members
ANY person
ALL participants
MANY voters

7. Possessive adjective means that some possessive nouns/pronouns can be an adjective.
COLLECTOR'S bungalow
PETER'S purse
PEOPLE'S money
MY name
OUR village
YOUR country
HIS idea
HER hair
ITS tail
THEIR team
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🌐 ADVERB is a word that amplifies a verb's action.
One that looks like an answer to the Questions HOW, WHERE, WHEN will be an adverb.
Quality of action is the answer to HOW. That is called ADVERB OF QUALITY.

Place where an action goes is ADVERB OF PLACE.

Time when an action goes on is ADVERB OF TIME.

Some other adverbs are there like FREQUENCY, EFFECT.

Answer to the Questions HOW OFTEN/HOW LONG/HOW FAR will be ADVERB OF FREQUENCY.

Answer to the questions WHY/FOR WHAT will be an ADVERB OF EFFECT.

Of these ADVERB OF QUALITY is knowns as ABSOLUTE ADVERB while in others, likely noun and noun with adjective are fulfilled in a sentence.

ADVERB OF QUALITY likely end in spelling as "........ly" except some words like ALONE SPEED FAST and so on.
Eg.
I finished the job correctly.
He came here alone .
They bowl always fast.
You must know fundamentally to drive a car.
Intelligently he has answered.

ADVERB OF QUALITY can be placed before the subject or verb or object wherever we wish although its place is after the object.
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🌐 ARTICLES
There are 3 words in the language.
A
An
THE
These are called ARTICLES in the language. They just denote some nouns or noun phrase.

A and AN are called INDEFINITE ARTICLES while the remain THE is called DEFINITE ARTICLES.

A boy  (any boy)
An Institution (any institution)
The boy (the particular boy)
The Institution (the particular Institution)

In Indefinite,
A is used before a word that starts a consonant sound.
AN is used before a word that begins a vowel sound.

The same thing happens in Definite article.
THE is used and pronounced as "DHA' when it is used before a word that begins a consonant sound, while it is sounded as "DHI" when it appears before a word that begins a vowel sound.

How to identify the place whether one is indefinite or definite..?

"I saw A man with AN umbrella in his hand. THE man was struggling with THE umbrella to fold it.
A boy came and helped THE man. In ending THE boy asked THE man where he was from.
THE man replied that he was AN MLA of A constituency."

Take care of using indefinite articles before a word that may not begin with vowel letter but vowel sound
AN MLA (EMELYAE),
AN MD (EMDEE)
AN HOUR (AUR)

Sometimes, some vowel letters might not give vowel sound.
A UNIT (YOONIT)
A EUROPEAN (YOOROPEAN)
A EUCALYPTUS TREE (YOOKOLIPTAS)
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🌐 PREPOSITION is a word that links two words in a sentence or phrase.
"I am living IN Nagapattinam"
"Is she going TO Chennai?"
"Where are you FROM?"
"Keep it INTO your pocket"
"English is spoken ACROSS the world BY millions OF People"
"One OF pens is INSIDE the drawer OF my table located NEAR the wall mirror"

Capitalised above are prepositions.
Leading prepositions are,
ON, IN, UNDER, NEAR, ACROSS, AROUND, ABOVE, BELOW, BETWEEN, INSIDE, OUTSIDE, INTO, ONTO, UP TO, TILL, ABOUT, OF, AT, AMONG, OVER, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT and so on.

We can't make sentences without contribution of PREPOSITIONS, so that the role of preposions is so important in the language.

PREPOSITON PHRASES are there in the language besides PREPOSITIONS.
Leading pre.phrases are,
ACCORDING TO
WITH A VIEW TO
BY VIRTUE OF
BY DINT OF
DUE TO
WITH REFERENCE TO
and so on.
These are used likely in simple sentences for wrapping a matter that may be expressed in a complex sentece.
"DUE TO heavy rain, the match was collapsed"
The complex sentence -"As it rained heavily, the match was collapsed" has been wrapped as a simple sentence by using the preposional phrase DUE TO.
This is the main advantage of PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.
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🌐 CONJUNCTION is a word that connects two different clauses. (Sub-ordinate clause + Main clause ; Main clause + Main clause)

Clause means sentence.

Main clause means that a sentence stands alone and completing a meaning.

Sub-ordinate clause means that a clause is depending a main clause. It can't stand alone.

"As I was busy, I couldn't attened your call."

➡️As - is conjunction here.
➡️As I was busy - is sub-ordinate clause.
➡️I couldn't attend your call - is main clause.

If a conjunction connects a sub-ordinate clause with a Main clause, that is known as a sub-ordinate conjunction.
AS is a sub-ordinate conjunction here since it acts as said above.

The combination of these two  sentences is called COMPLEX SENTENCE.
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"It is raining but the match is going on."
But - is conjunction here.
It is raining - is Main clause.
The match is going on - is also a main clause.
Since BUT connects two different main clauses, it is called a Coordinate conjunction.

The combination of these two  sentences is called COMPOUND SENTENCE.
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➡️Leading Sub-ordinate conjunctions are,
IF, UNLESS, AS, THAT, BECAUSE, NEVERTHELESS, SINCE, TILL, UNTIL, WHEREAS, HOWEVER, THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH etc.,
The relative pronouns/adverbs  - WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH/WHEN, WHERE,  are also called sub-ordinate conjunction though these are labelled as relative pronouns/adverbs.

➡️Leading Absolute*  Coordinate conjunctions are,
BUT, YET, STILL etc.,
Non-absolute** Coordinate conjunctions are,
SO, SO THAT, AND, AND SO, HENCE, THEREFORE, THAT IS WHAT, THST IS WHY etc.,

*ABSOLUTE COORDINATE. Even if you interchange the place of the main clauses, meaning won't be damaged.
**NON-ABSOLUTE COORDINATE.
If you interchange the clauses meaning would change.
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🌐 INTERJECTION.
The words those may be used in our expressions during being surprised, being  annoyed, being startled by one are called INTERJECTION.

🔷 WOW, OH, OOH, OOPS, ALAS, HOH, YUP, HURRAY/HURRAH - are called INTERJECTIONS.

➡️Wow! What a six it is/was!
➡️Oops..! You are timeout!
➡️Hurray..! CSK win in the game!
➡️Alas...! It's a big calamity..!
➡️Oh..! Are you sure...?
➡️Ooh...! He has just missed..!
➡️Yup..! Just do it one more time !.
🔷 Anyway, INTERJECTIONS would give a tune to our expressions.
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🌐 PUNCTUATIONS
🔷This is also concerned as one of the parts of speech in this approach.

🔷Punctuations are marks that give a tone and tune to your sentences.

🔷Punctuations are common in almost all languages.

🔷 Leading Punctuations
Full stop                            .
Comma                             ,
Question mark                ?
Exclamation mark.         !
Semicolon                        ;
Colon                                 :
Open bracket                   (
Close bracket.                  )
Hyphen                              -
Underscore                      _
Open curve                       {
Close curve                       }
Open square bracket      [
Close square bracket      ]
and so on...
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AUTHOR
V.MAHENDIRAN
FOUNDER / VISITING PROF.
MAHENDIRAA INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH 
NAGAPATTINAM
📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚
COPYRIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR.
Copying, re-writing, plagiarising this content are not allowed at any respect. This is wholly owned by the Author.
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