PARTS OF SPEECH - A NEW APPROACH WRITTEN BY MAHENDIRAN V

PREFACE

For instance, it is said that it is a completely new approach saying more details about the parts of speech.

Academically it is observed only eight numbers of parts of speech and being taught. I have approached here as eleven parts of speech. This approach shall never interrupt that but says more parts like auxiliaries, articles and punctuations that aren’t intended as parts in any academy pattern across the world.

Auxiliaries that have been merged with verbs in the academy pattern is listed here as a main part. Also it is scrutinised deeply a bit. Likewise, articles have been compressed with adjectives in the academy pattern. Here it is listed as a part.

As a tow cart punctuations are also concerned here as a part while it hasn’t been teased as a part anywhere in the patterns. Verbs are categorised as many branches like regular, semi regular and irregular with subdivisions in each branch. Perhaps any clarification in this regard, your suggestions are pleasantly welcome.

Let us start with new information about the types and stages of communication skills

V.Mahendiran, Author

I. COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Let's see what the communication is, first.

The state of conveying an idea to one or more than one is known as communication skills.

Saying simply, sharing thoughts to others. Expressing one's ideas to others is called communication skills. There are some prime types in Communication. Not only by using a certain language one is communicating but also some types are there. What are they?

01. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS

We can communicate in three ways to others.

They are,

A. DEMO METHOD

B. VERBAL METHOD

C.TEXTUAL METHOD

A. DEMO METHOD

Through demonstration by using parts such as head and hands, we can communicate our views.

We can ask one to come and sit, without speaking but by indicating our fingers, can't we? That is called demo method.

For agreeing one's talk, Aren't we nodding our head up and down, or denying nodding left and right sides..? That is, of course demonstrative communication.

B.VERBAL METHOD

This is the prime method in communication process.

Speaking, yelling, crying, laughing, giggling, coughing - all are in this method.

Vocal chord is the tool of this method.

There are some plates inside our throat, they are vibrating and cause sounds said above.

That's known as verbal or vocal method.

As it is said above, this is the major method in which we communicate our views.

C.TEXTUAL

Textual means, writing.

By using the tools all writing materials, we can communicate our views.

Written test is in this method.

Writing letters, Sending text messages through

electronic gadgets is known as textual communication.

So, communication is done likely any of these methods or by using all methods.

Each is relating with another.

One can't say that he could communicate taking only one method but the third one.

When we communicate in textual, we may not use any other method.

The persons who are physically challenging to speak are intelligently using the first method.

When we speak over phone, we can use only the verbal method, no demonstration is done.

Verbal and demo method are used together while conversation is going on face to face.

Are all methods used at any situation?

In teaching and training, all methods are obviously used between trainer and trainees in the class room such as Lecturing, writing on the board, walking around the students by demonstrating.

02. STAGES OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Communication is done in several stages, being promoted one by one from the earliest.

It can be divided as 5 stages.

STAGE.1

You may be surprised knowing it. What is the earliest stage of one's communication?

Indeed, one starts his communication when one is in his mother's womb. Twisting body, shaking hands and legs of a baby's action in the womb is the earliest communication.

STAGE.2

A baby's crying as soon as born is said as a second stage.

The meaning of crying is a talk, the baby communicates through crying.

What is this?

I feel a bit uncomforted. I inhale a kind of air ever I have experienced so far. I couldn't open my eyes, what nonsense it is! (This is the meaning of the new born baby's crying.)

STAGE.3

A baby's chuckles, smiles, laugh, unnamed sounds are known as the third stage.

STAGE.4

Imitating actions of a grown up child's are in this stage.

The baby starts to speak with parents and family members now. He wouldn't know the texts that he speaks.

STAGE.5

The child is educated now through his mother tongue. He starts to know the texts and speak. This is the next stage. Needless to say the further stages what and how one communicates consequently.

II. THE PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

Any word we use in the language would belong to any one of 10 parts. If we add punctuation in this case, there would be 11 parts of speech in English.

NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, AUXILIARY, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, ARTICLES, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION and PUNCTUATION are those parts.

01.NOUNS

Is a word that is seen anything in front of us. Four kinds of nouns are there. See "classification of nouns" in this page.

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS

There are 4 kinds of nouns.

They are,

PROPER NOUN

COMMON NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN

PROPER NOUN means

Names of persons/ countries/ months/ days

(RAJU INDIA CHENNAI TAMILNADU JANUARY MONDAY)

COMMON NOUN means

Common persons, things, places, any living and non-living being.

(FATHER MOTHER SISTER TEMPLE PARK FISH SEA TEA TIGER FOREST CROW WATER MAN WOMAN SHOP ROAD RECEIPT CAR VAN DRIVER FOOD and so on...)

COLLECTIVE NOUN means

A bunch of persons/ things..

Anything that looks a mass amount.

(MILITARY GANG CROWD POLICE TEAM CATTLE UNIT SQUAD and so on...)

ABSTRACT NOUN means

Quality or status or dignity of a person or a thing or anything

Can't see or feel but recognize them.

(INVESTIGATION EXAMINATION AWARENESS PRECAUTION VELOCITY GRAVITY POSSESSEVINESS AMBITION ENEMINESS (enemy is common noun) TRUST FUND SUFFICIENCY LACKNESS BEAUTY UGLINESS SENSE KNOWLEDGE FOOLISHNESS CORRECTION and so on...)

A big stuff is there to know about nouns. We’ll discuss about it in the lesson THE CATEGORIES OF NOUNS.

THE CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

There are three categories on which a noun can function.

A. Simple noun

B. Noun phrase

C. Noun clause.

A. Simple noun.

Any noun being a single word is called simple noun.

HOUSE, MAN, PETER, RIVER, SKY, CROWD, DENSITY etc.

B. Noun phrase.

A noun with phrasal information is called noun phrase.

SOME OF THE BOYS, THE HEAT OF THE SUN, SHYAMALA'S DRESS, LIVING STYLE OF PEOPLE OF INDIA etc.

C. Noun clause.

A sentence that can be a noun as a subordinate clause and supporting a main clause in complex sentence is known as Noun clause.

(Capitalised is noun clause)

"I don't understand WHAT YOU ARE SAYING."

"May I know WHAT YOUR NAME IS?"

'WHAT WE OFFER AS A COMPLEMENT WITH THE PRODUCT is too under warranty?"

(Noun clause is always connected with main clause using a relative pronoun like WHAT, WHICH etc.)

02. PRONOUN

Is a word that is used instead of a noun.

Basic pronouns are so important.

I, WE YOU, HE, SHE, IT THEY are SUBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

ME, US, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM are OBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

MY, OUR, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR - are POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVAL BASIC PRONOUNS.

MINE, OURS, YOURS, HIS, HERS, ITS, THEIRS are POSSESSIVE BSSIC PRONOUNS.

MYSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSEF/YOURSELVES, HIMSELF, HERSELF, ITSELF, THEMSELVES are REFLEXIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

Let's see in a table.

THE TABLE OF BASIC PRONOUNS

Subjective

Pronoun

Objective

Pronoun

Possessive

Adjectival Pronoun

Possessive

Pronoun

Reflexive

Pronoun

mine

myself

our

ours

ourselves

You

you

your

yours

yourself/

yourselves

him

his

himself

She

her

hers

herself

its

itself

They

them

their

theirs

themselves

We should know why pronouns are considered so important.

Millions of nouns can simply be replaced by these pronouns besides some other pronouns seen later.

I WE YOU are called personal pronouns, HE SHE IT are known as third person singular pronouns, and THEY is a third person plural pronoun.

Shall we use them in sentences?

I am a common man.

All call me Mahendiran

My ambition is to make all be good in English.

All the matters seen here are mine.

We are of course Indians.

The world respects us.

Our ambition is to develop our nation.

The duty is ours.

Let's keep it clean ourselves.

Are you Mr. Raj?

The MD calls you.

Is it your real name?

Is this bag yours?

Try to finish it yourself.

Is he your friend?

Please ask him to come.

What is his name?

I think that this bike is his.

Did he come himself?

She is Vimala.

All are calling her Vimi.

What is her demand?

Is it hers?

She does her duty always herself.

It is our pet.

We call it Jimmy

Its tail is long.

This food is its.

It would eat itself.

They are my friends.

I am always with them.

Their help to me is very high.

The vehicles seen here are theirs.

They forwarded in life themselves.

Also some additional pronouns are there used obviously in the English language.

What are they?

We’ll discuss about them in the lesson MORE ABOUT PRONOUNS.

MORE ABOUT THE PRONOUNS

Also some additional pronouns are there used obviously in the English language.

What are they?

They are, DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, INDEFINTE PRONOUNS, INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, RELATIVE PRONOUNS, RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS, DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.

Besides Basic pronouns, the pronouns seen above are also so important and to be known.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

THIS, THAT, SUCH, THESE, THOSE

"This is my friend"

"That is not mine"

[These words are also known as 'demonstrative Adjectives' when they are followed by a noun]

"This Bag is not mine" (THIS is an adjective here)

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

SOME, MANY, ALL, A FEW, ONE, NONE/NOBODY, EVERYBODY/EVERYONE, SOMEBODY/SOMEONE

"Some are waiting for the M.D"

"A Few are carrying offer in sales"

(Here too these words can be acting as adjectives if they are followed by noun. “A Few items are carrying offer in sales”)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE etc.,

"What are you suggesting about this case?"

"Which does trouble you?"

"Whom do you call as a witness here?"

[Here too, if those words are followed by nouns, it is known as Interrogative adjective.

In Which court are you practicing?]

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

All interrogative pronouns can act as a relative pronoun.

"Who doesn't have passion in his profession can't achieve in his field."

"Is the man whom you are calling a witness your relative?" -Asked Judge.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

EACH, OTHER, ANOTHER

"They look like made for each other."

"Each has to submit the details today itself."

"Please go and convince with one and another."

"Yes, call another to enquire."

[Note: If they are followed by nouns, be known that they are reciprocal adjectives]

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS

EITHER, NEITHER

Likely these are used as a conjunction phrase. But these too are pronouns.

"Either of you must be present in the court."

"Neither of them has come." (Both Shankar and Peter haven't come).

03. VERB

Is the soul of the language. A word that gives an action to a sentence is verb.

Millions of verbs are there. Every verb functions as four forms.

V1, V2, V3, V4. These are called respectively PRESENT FORM, PAST FORM, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM and PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM. (See, the details of verbs in this page). These are used in 20 tenses with a support of any auxiliary. No verb functions without auxiliary in a sentence. (A.V TABLE FOR 20 TENSES)

VERB IS THE PRIME CHARECTER IN THE ENGLISH PLAY.

SO YOU ARE ADVISED TO STUDY IT IN THE SNIPPET TITLED "THE CATEGORIES OF VERB FORMS"

Let us know what the verb is, and how they function in a sentence in the following lesson, MORE ABOUT VERBS here.

MORE ABOUT VERBS

Verb is well known that a word which gives an action to a sentence and every verb functions as four forms such as present form, past form, past participle form and present participle form.

Based on the variation of spelling of forms, in my approach, verbs are categorized as five types than two types what world English pattern says. Let’s go ahead to Introduction to gather more.

INTRODUCTION

Verbs are categorized as weak and strong (or) regular and irregular based on variation in spelling of verb forms in academic pattern probably worldwide. Being similar in spelling of past form and past participle form particularly ending as ‘…ed is known as weak or regular verbs, Others are known as strong or irregular verbs- is obviously followed academically.

Here, this approach brings a clear cut method in form segregation.

I would say that there are five categories in verbs. They are,

REGULAR VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 2 VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 3 VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

REGULAR VERBS

Verbs of which present form past form and past participle are similar in spelling eg. put put put putting / spread spread spread spreading / cut cut cut cutting / set set set setting / hit hit hit hitting/ etc are known Regular verbs.

Spellings in first three forms are regular, aren’t they? So, it is called in this approach regular verbs but it is called in the world English pattern irregular verbs or strong verbs. No a very big volume of verbs is in this category.

Let’s see them in a table.

Present form

Past form

Past participle form

Present participle form

PUT

PUTTING

CUT

CUTTING

LET

LETTING

SHUT

SHUTTING

SPREAD

SPREADING

TELECAST

TELECASTING

BROAD CAST

BROAD CASTING

CAST

CASTING

SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS

Verbs of which past form and past participle forms are similar in spelling eg. talk talked talked talking / walk walked walked walking /cry cried cried crying / study studied studied studying / teach taught taught teaching / catch caught caught catching/ etc. are known SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS as two forms’ spellings are regular. In this case, ‘ed’ ending is called ‘regular verbs’ or ‘weak verbs’ in the world English pattern. There is a very big volume of verbs in this category. Let’s see them in a table.

Present form

Past form

Past participle form

Present participle form

TALK

TALKED

TALKING

WALK

WALKED

WALKING

OPEN

OPENED

OPENING

CRY

CRIED

CRYING

STUDY

STUDIED

STUDYING

CARRY

CARRIED

CARRYING

TEACH

TAUGHT

TEACHING

CATCH

CAUGHT

CATCHING

SLEEP

SLEPT

SLEEPING

SEMI REGULAR 1 can be divided as 3 sections such as ‘ed ending’, ‘ied ending’ and ‘solid ending’.

SR 1…… ‘ed ending’

TALK WALK OPEN CLOSE KNOCK FINISH START RUB ERASE FACE BOWL BAT FIELD IRON PLAY MOVE etc are known ‘ed ending’ as they end as‘ed’ in the suffix of past and past participle forms.

TALK

TALKED

TALKING

WALK

WALKED

WALKING

OPEN

OPENED

OPENING

CLOSE

CLOSED

CLOSING

KNOCK

KNOCKED

KNOCKING

SR 1…… ‘ied ending’

CRY STUDY CARRY BURY SPECIFY SIGNIFY TARIFY MODIFY etc are known ‘ied ending’ as they end as ‘ied’ in the suffix of past and past participle forms.

CRY

CRIED

CRYING

STUDY

STUDIED

STUDYING

CARRY

CARRIED

CARRYING

BURY

BURIED

BURYING

SR1 ….solid ending

TEACH CATCH SLEEP THINK FIND BUY BRING STAND etc are known ‘solid ending’ as they do not end as said above but solidly in the suffix of the past and past participle forms.

TEACH

TAUGHT

TEACHING

CATCH

CAUGHT

CATCHING

SLEEP

SLEPT

SLEEPING

THINK

THOUGHT

THINKING

FIND

FOUND

FINDING

SEMI REGULAR 2 VERBS

Verbs of which present form and past participle form are similar in spelling e.g. come came come coming / run ran run running / become became become becoming / etc are known semi regular 2 verbs as two forms’ spellings are regular. But it is called irregular verbs or strong verbs in world English pattern. Only a few verbs are found in this category.

Present form

Past form

Past participle form

Present participle form

COME

CAME

COME

COMING

RUN

RAN

RUN

RUNNING

BECOME

BECAME

BECOME

BECOMING

OVERCOME

OVERCAME

OVERCOME

OVERCOMING

SEMI REGULAR 3 VERBS

Verbs of which present form and past form are similar in spelling in present form e.g. beat beat beaten beating are known semi regular3 verbs as two forms’ spelling are regular. But it is called irregular or strong verbs in standard pattern. Rarely verbs are found in this category.

Present form

Past form

Past participle form

Present participle form

BEAT

BEATEN

BEATING

IRREGULAR VERBS

Verbs of which forms are varying with each other among four forms e.g. write wrote written writing/ speak spoke spoken speaking / drive drove driven driving / go went gone going/ etc are known irregular verbs as spellings are seen irregular with each other. This is called the same in the world English pattern. A very big volume of verbs can be found in this category.

Present form

Past form

Past participle form

Present participle form

WRITE

WROTE

WRITTEN

WRITING

SPEAK

SPOKE

SPOKEN

SPEAKING

DRIVE

DROVE

DRIVEN

DRIVING

WENT

GONE

GOING

TAKE

TOOK

TAKEN

TAKING

SWIM

SWAM

SWUM

SWIMMING

RING

RANG

RUNG

RINGING

SING

SANG

SUNG

SINGING

WAKE UP

WOKE UP

WOKEN UP

WAKING UP

GIVE

GAVE

GIVEN

GIVING

DRAW

DREW

DRAWN

DRAWING

SEE

SAW

SEEN

SEEING

CONCLUSION

REGULAR------------------------(similar spelling in present, past and past participle forms

SEMI REGULAR 1 -------------(similar spelling in past and past participle forms [3 branches: ed ending, ied ending, solid ending]

SEMI REGULAR 2 -------------(similar spelling in present and past participle form.

SEMI REGULAR 3--------------(similar spelling in present and past forms.

IRREGULAR---------------------(each form has different spelling.

THE NEW PATTERN IS COMPARED WITH THE STANDARD PATTERN

NEW PATTERN(MY PATTERN)

STANDRD PATTERN

REGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS

SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS

‘ed’ ending

‘ied’ ending

‘Solid’ ending

REGULAR/WEAK VERBS

IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS

SEMI REGULAR 2 VERBS

IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS

SEMI REGULAR 3 VERBS

IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR / STRONG VEBS

04. AUXILIARY

Is a word that supports to a verb for its action.

A verb cannot function in a sentence without an auxiliary.

There are only 26 auxiliaries in the language.

26 Auxiliaries are there in the English language.

They are,

A. DESIGNATED AUXILIARIES CUM VERBS

AM, IS, ARE, WAS and WERE -These can be used as an auxiliary and as a verb; the feature of these words is that when these are used as a verb these won't take any auxiliary, but being as an auxiliary, can support to any applicable verb.

B. AUXILIARIES CUM VERBS

DO, DOES, DID, HAVE, HAS, HAD, BE, BEEN, BEING, DARE and NEED – can be used as an auxiliary and as a verb in different situations. When they are used as verbs they would need auxiliary.

C. PURE AUXILIARIES

MAY, CAN, SHALL and WILL - They aren't used as a verb at any cost.

D. PREMIUM PURE AUXILIARIES

MIGHT, COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MUST and OUGHT TO - too aren't used as a verb at any cost.

E. SPECIAL AUXILIARIES CUM VEB

DARE NEED – They can be used as verbs and auxiliaries but to express the same meaning

(NOTE: See the detailed functions of auxiliaries in the following lesson ‘MORE ABOUT AUXILIARIES’)

MORE ABOUT AUXILIARIES

A. DESIGNATED AUXILIARIES CUM VERBS

Let’s see how the designated auxiliaries cum verbs (am is are was were) function in the applicable tenses as well the voices in this lesson.

AM IS ARE - as Auxiliaries

AM IS ARE - can only be used in three possibilities as auxiliaries.

1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE IN ACTIVE VOICE.

2. SIMPLE PRESENT IN PASSIVE VOICE.

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE IN PASSIVE VOICE WITH ANOTHER ONE ADDITIONAL AUXILIARY (being).

E.g

1. I AM learning.

2. I AM trained well.

3. I AM being trained well.

1. She IS learning.

2. She IS trained well.

3. She IS being trained well.

1. They ARE learning.

2. They ARE trained well.

3. They ARE being trained well.

AM IS ARE - are as verbs

Only one possibility is there to use them as verbs.

PURE PRESENT TENSE

I AM a student.

She IS a student.

They ARE students.

WAS WERE - are as Auxiliaries

WAS, WERE can be used as auxiliaries in three possibilities.

1. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE IN ACTIVE VOICE.

2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE IN PASSIVE VOICE.

3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE IN PASSIVE VOICE.

1. I WAS learning.

2. I WAS trained well.

3. I WAS being trained well.

1. We WERE learning.

2. We WERE trained well.

3. We WERE being trained well.

WAS WERE - are as verbs

Only one possibility is there to use them as verbs.

PURE PAST TENSE

I WAS in London.

They WERE in London.

B. NORMAL AUXILIARIES CUM VERBS

Let’s see how " DO DOES DID HAVE HAS HAD BE BEEN BEING" are used as an aux and as a verb in different situations in this lesson.

These can also be used as an auxiliary and a verb in different situations- It's very interesting. Let's analyse here.

DO (AUX)

Used only in the simple present tense.

* In affirmative DO is always silent but not in other statements.

I (DO)* write a letter.

I DO not write it.

What DO you write?

DO you write it?

You DO write it, DON'T you?

DO (VERB)

Wherever V1 is used, DO can be used as a verb with relevant auxiliary

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

2. SIMPLE PAST

3. FUTURE

4. ADDITIONAL PRESENT

5. ADDITIONAL PAST

6. AS AN INFINITIVE VERB IN APPLICABLE TENSES.

1. I (do) DO my duty. / I don't DO my duty. / What do you DO? / Do you DO your duty?

2. I did DO my duty. / I didn't DO my duty. / What did you DO? / Did you DO your duty?

3. I will DO my duty. / I won't DO my duty. / What will you DO? / Will you DO your duty?

4. I can DO my duty. / I can't DO my duty. / What can you DO? / Can you DO your duty?

[Not only CAN, but also MAY, MIGHT, COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO can be used according to situation]

5. I could DO my duty. / I couldn't DO my duty. / What could you DO? / Could you DO your duty?

[Not only COULD, but also MIGHT WOULD can be used according to situation]

6. I have come here to DO my duty. / Surely I'll come here to DO my duty.

DOES (AUX)

Used only in the simple present tense, only for third person singular.

* In affirmative, DOES would be silent but the verb ends in spelling 'S'. or emphatically you can use DOES + Any V1.

* In other statements DOES appears obviously.

➡️Eg.

He (or any third person singular like, SHE, IT, RAGU, TEACHER, ONE OF MY STUDENTS, MY COMPUTER) DOES write a letter. (or)

He writes a letter.

He doesn't write it.

What does he write?

Does he write it?

He does write it, doesn't he?

DOES (VERB)

Used only in the SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE FOR THIRD PERSON SINGULAR.

DOES is a derived verb (DOES+DO=DOES) like, DOES+WRITE=WRITES,

DOES +SPEAK=SPEAKS, DOES+SING=SINGS etc., DOES is used as a verb only in affirmative, not in other statements.

Even, in affirmative too, you can use does + do.

➡️Eg.

He DOES his duty neatly.

DID (as an aux)

DID is used as an auxiliary only is the simple past tense in active voice.

DID would be silent on affirmative, instead, V2 is used. (DID + V1 = V2).

However, DID appears in all statements on other than affirmative like, "Where DID you go?”

More Examples

I wrote it [I did write it].

I did not write.

Who DID write it?

What DID you write?

DID you write it?

You DID write it, DIDN’T you?

DID (as a verb)

It's a V2 of DO.

See the four forms.

DO DID DONE DOING.

So, wherever V2 is used, DID can be used is needless to say.

V2 is used only on affirmative in the simple past tense.

If you wish, DID (verb) may be broken as,

DID (aux) + DO (verb) = DID (verb).

Eg.

I DID it.

He DID his schooling in Nagapattinam.

HAVE (as an aux)

Have is used as an aux in the following cases.

SEE, HAVE AS AN AUXILIARY IN THE ACTIVE VOICE

1. Presently perfect tense for past participle form V3.

I HAVE written it.

2. Present perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN for V4.

I HAVE been writing it.

3. Future perfect tense along with WILL, for V3.

I will HAVE written it.

4. Future perfect continuous tense along with WILL and BEEN for V4.

I will HAVE been writing it.

5. Future in the past tense along with MIGHT / WOULD / COULD / SHOULD / MUST /OUGHT TO for V3.

I might HAVE written it.

6. Future in the past continuous tense along with the same seen above and BEEN for V4.

I might HAVE been writing it.

SEE, IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.

1. Present perfect tense along with BEEN for past participle form V3.

I HAVE been invited by the organisation.

2. Present perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN and BEING for V3. (It's not obviously used)

I HAVE been being invited every year by the organisation.

3. Future perfect tense along with WILL and BEEN for V3.

I will HAVE been surely invited by the organisation for the upcoming function.

4. Future perfect continuous tense along with WILL, BEEN and BEING for V3. (It's not used obviously)

I will HAVE been being invited by the organisation in the future.

5. Future in the past tense along with MIGHT / WOULD / COULD / SHOULD / MUST OUGHT TO along with BEEN for V3.

I would HAVE been invited by the organisation, if the board members had reminded my name.

6. Future in the past continuous tense along with the same seen above and BEING for V3. (It's not used obviously).

The function would HAVE been being conducted with my compere smoothly if the organisation had invited me.

HAVE (as a verb)

It's a V1, used to mean 'to possess' 'to eat' 'to drink' and 'to own'.

Wherever V1 is used, HAVE can be used to mean as said above.

Basically, VI is used in the simple present, past, future along with suitable auxiliaries, and as an infinitive verb by following ‘TO’.

SEE HERE,

I do HAVE two homes in the city. (Simple present)

I did HAVE it. (Simple past)

I will HAVE it one day. (Future tense)

I am trying to HAVE it. (Infinitive)

Some other examples HAVE is used to mean 'to eat' on the tenses respectively

Please HAVE it.

I already did HAVE it.

Don't worry, I'll HAVE it later.

Don't compel me to HAVE it, because I don't use to HAVE like these kinds of foods.

HAS (as an aux)

HAS is used as an aux in the following cases for any third person singular. Here, HE is taken as a subject in all examples in active voice.

SEE, HAS AS AN AUXILIARY IN ACTIVE VOICE

‌1. Present perfect tense for past participle form V3

He HAS written a letter.

‌2. Present perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN for V4

He HAS been writing a letter.

Note: HAS isn't used in any other tense as an Auxiliary.

SEE, HAS AS AN AUXILIARY IN PASSIVE VOICE.

‌1. Present perfect tense along with BEEN for past participle form V3

A letter HAS been written.

‌2. Present perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN and BEING for V3. (It's not obviously used)

A letter HAS been being written.

HAS (as a verb)

Used only for third person singular.

It's a V1, HAS is a derived verb becomes from DOES+HAVE=HAS, for third persons, used to mean 'to possess' 'to eat' 'to drink' and 'to own'

Wherever V1 is used, HAS can't be used as it's a derived verb. It's possible to use only in the simple present tense, particularly on affirmative.

In other statements, HAVE acts the verb role along with DOES as an Auxiliary.

She HAS a long hair.

It HAS a long tail.

She DOESN'T HAVE a long hair.

It DOESN'T HAVE a long tail.

HAD (as an aux)

HAD is used as an aux in the following two places in active voice.

SEE, HAD AS AN AUXILIARY IN ACTIVE VOICE

1. Past perfect tense for past participle form V3.

"I HAD written it."

2. Past perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN for V4.

"I HAD been writing it."

SEE, IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.

1. Present perfect tense along with BEEN for past participle form V3.

"The copies HAD been attached along with application."

2. Present perfect continuous tense along with an additional aux BEEN and BEING for V3. (It's not obviously used)

"English HAD been being spoken by tribes initially namely Ingris."

HAD (as a verb)

It's a V2 and V3 of HAVE.

See the four forms.

HAVE HAD HAD HAVING. HAD as a V2 can be used wherever V2 is used (ONLY IN AFFIRMATIVE OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE)

"Just now, I HAD my lunch."

HAD as a V3 can be used wherever V3 is used such as all perfect tenses, future in the past tense in active, and all tenses in passive voice.

HAD as a V3 in all perfect tenses in ACTIVE VOICE

PRESENT PERFECT

'I have HAD food in this hotel many times."

PAST PERFECT

"We had HAD 3 cars once upon a time."

FUTURE PERFECT

"Surely, I will have HAD this job."

FUTURE IN THE PAST TENSE

"If I had tried strongly, I would have HAD this job."

HAD as a V3 in all tenses in PASSIVE VOICE

1. "An idea is HAD by me."

2. "An idea has been HAD by me."

3. "An idea is being HAD by me."

4. "An idea has been being HAD by me."

5. "An idea was HAD by me."

6. "An idea had been HAD by me."

7. "An idea was being HAD by me."

8. "An idea had been being HAD by me."

9. "An idea will be HAD by me."

10. "An idea will have been HAD by me."

11. "An idea will be being HAD by me."

12. "An idea will have been being HAD by me."

13. "The job is to be HAD by me."

14. "The job was to be HAD by me."

15. "An idea may be HAD by me."

16. "An idea might be HAD by me."

17. "An idea may be being HAD by me."

18. "An idea might be being HAD by me."

19. "An idea would have been HAD by me."

20. "An idea would have been being HAD by me."

BE (as an Auxiliary)

It's used as an additional auxiliary with any other main in all additional present /past/future continuous tenses in Active, and all the above and also in simple tenses in passive voice.

See the examples in ACTIVE VOICE.

" I may /can /might /could /should /would /must /ought to /shall /will/ BE doing this work."

See the examples in PASSIVE VOICE.

SIMPLE PASSIVE

"This work may /can /might /could /should /would /must /ought to /will /shall /BE done by me."

CONTINUOUS PASSIVE

"This work may /can /might /could /should /would /must /ought to / shall /will /BE being done by me." (This structure is not used obviously)

* In Imperative passive, BE can act alone.

"Let the door be closed"

BE (as a verb)

It's a VI is well known, so it can be used only in all simple and additional tenses.

1. Simple present (Imperative)

Please BE honest.

2. Additional present

IT MAY/CAN/MIGHT/COULD/WOULD /SHOULD /MUST/OUGHT TO /BE TRUE

3. Additional past

It might/could/would /BE true.

4. Future

I shall /will/BE there on time.

5. Infinitive

Try to BE honest.

BEEN (As an Auxiliary)

BEEN is used as an additional auxiliary with some other auxiliary and support to a verb in the following tenses.

1. Present perfect continuous in active voice.

I have BEEN using this computer from my school days.

2. Past perfect continuous tense in active voice.

I had BEEN living in Chennai for ten years.

3. Future perfect continuous tense in active voice.

I will have BEEN working neatly in your concern.

4. Future in the past continuous tense in active voice.

You would have BEEN studying for medicine by this time, if you had opted science group in your secondary grade.

5. Present perfect tense in passive voice.

The documents have BEEN sent through our staff.

6. Past perfect tense in passive voice.

Around 500 people had BEEN invited for the function.

7. Future perfect tense in passive voice.

Your salary will have BEEN raised from the next month.

8. Future in the past tense in passive voice.

You would have BEEN selected, if you had appeared in the examination.

BEEN (as a verb)

As BEEN is a V3 (past participle) for am, is, are and be, wherever V3 is used, BEEN can be used.

1. All perfect tenses. Active.

I have BEEN here at once.

I had BEEN here very long back.

I will have BEEN surely on time there.

2. Future in the past tense. Active.

You could have BEEN a managing director here if you had continued your service.

BEING (as an Auxiliary)

Being is used as an additional auxiliary with a main auxiliary and support to a verb in the following tenses.

[NOTE: BEING CAN BE USED AS AN AUXILIARY ONLY IN PASSIVE VOICE.]

1. Present continuous in passive voice along with 'am/is/are' + being for past participle.

"Cash is BEING counted."

2. Past continuous tense in passive voice along with 'was/were' + being for past participle.

"The Cricket pitch was BEING leveled after rain, when I entered in the stadium."

3. Present perfect continuous tense in passive voice along with 'have/has been' + being for past participle. (Unusual)

"Still some British rules have been BEING obeyed by people of India."

4. Past perfect continuous tense in passive voice along with 'had been' + being for past participle. (Unusual)

"False judgments had been BEING given a lot by umpires in Cricket, until third Umpire was assigned for reviews."

5. Future continuous tense in passive along with 'will/shall be' + being for past participle. (Unusual)

"Our entrance shall be BEING written by this time tomorrow."

6. Future perfect continuous tense in passive voice along 'with will/shall have been' + being for past participle.(Unusual)

"Henceforth, all seminars will have been BEING conducted in the centre hall instead of Auditorium.''

7. Additional present continuous tense in passive voice (may/can/might/could/would/should/must/ought to/be + being for past participle) (Unusual)

"It should be BEING done only by you."

8. Additional past continuous tense in passive voice along with 'might/could/would/be + being for past participle’) (Unusual)

"Any kind of job could be BEING done by me in the past days."

9. Future in the past continuous tense in passive voice, along with 'might have been/could have been/ would have been/ should have been/ must have been/ ought to have been/ + being for past participle. (Unusual)

"Hindi would have been BEING spoken as a national language by all people across India, if the non-belt of Hindi regions had accepted in the early days.

BEING (As a verb)

BEING is used as a present participle form (V4) in the continuous and perfect continuous tenses in active voice with relevant auxiliary.

“I am BEING here." (Present continuous tense)

I was BEING there. (Past continuous tense)

I have been BEING here for the past five years. (Present perfect continuous tense)

I had been BEING there for five years ten years ago. (Past perfect continuous tense)

I'll be BEING there on time. (Future continuous tense)

I will have been BEING here till you push me out. (Future continuous tense)

I can be BEING here alone, no problem. (Additional Present continuous tense)

I could be BEING there peacefully as nobody was there to disturb me. (Additional Past continuous tense)

We could have been BEING in the hall by this time if we had caught the first bus. (Future in the past continuous tense)

,PURE AUXILIARIES

Do remember, the following words can only be used as an Auxiliary.

MAY, CAN, SHALL and WILL

They can't be used as a verb at any circumstances - is already said.

Let's know for which expression each is used.

MAY

To express a future assumption, to ask for permission, to grant/refuse permission and to bless or wish one, MAY is used.

MAY can be used in,

Additional simple present tense on both voices to express a future assumption

I may send a person. (Active)

A person may be sent by me. (Passive)

Additional present continuous tense to express a future assumption

He may be coming on the way

Asking/granting /rejecting permission in Additional present tense.

May I come in, Sir?

Yes, you may. Sorry, you may not.

To bless one

May God bless you, having a good health and wealth!

May you live for a long time!

CAN -To express a rare ability CAN is used in a sentence in Additional present tense on both voices, and Additional present continuous tense

Additional present tense on both voices

Can you do it? Can it be done by you?

I can do it. It can be done by me.

I can't do it. It can't be done by me.

How can you do it? How can it be done by you?

You can do it, can't you? It can be done by you, can't it?

Additional present continuous tense

Can you be doing it?

Everyone can be speaking in English if they catch the tactics.

SHALL

To express a future action for all persons, to ask for permission for I and WE in future tense family on both voices.

The examiner shall issue the question papers when the bell rings. (Active, Future)

Question papers shall be issued by the examiner when the bell rings. (Passive, Future)

Shall I leave, Sir? (Active, Future)

Shall we go? (Active, Future)

We shall have reached. (Active, Future perfect)

It shall have been discussed. (Passive, Future perfect)

They shall be reaching on time. (Active, Future continuous)

WILL

To express a future action with a strong determination on both voices

Don't worry, he will do this job. (Active, Future)

This job will be done by him. (Passive, Future)

Will you come tomorrow? (Active, Future)

What time will you be here? (Active, Future)

The bank will be functioning tomorrow. (Active, Future continuous)

We will have sent the goods tomorrow. (Active, Future perfect)

The goods will have been sent tomorrow. (Passive, Future perfect)

NOTE:

Crack the confusion 'WILL or SHALL', where and which to use

Where and when to use which?

WILL is stronger than SHALL in Absolution status in the future case.

Both can be used for all persons to mean a future occasion but absolution is taken by WILL more than SHALL.

But some Grammarians say SHALL is for I and WE, and WILL is contracted by HE SHE and THEY.

This rule need not be followed for common expression.

Then why do they say this rule?

While asking permission, only SHALL is used for I and WE.

See here.

SHALL I GO?

SHALL WE START THE COUNTDOWN FOR LAUNCHING THE VESSEL? (Asking permission)

WILL I GO?

WILL WE START THE COUNTDOWN FOR LAUNCHING THE VESSEL? (Doubtful discussion)

PREMIUM OR UNIVERSAL PURE AUXILIARIES

MIGHT COULD SHOULD WOULD MUST OUGHT TO are called premium pure auxiliaries.

They too can' never be used as verbs but auxiliaries.

They support to verbs and would add an expression for certain situations.

MIGHT is to express a weak distance possibility in present and past tenses.

COULD is used to mean a past ability and frequent ability in present and past tenses.

SHOULD is used to mean showing duty and obligation.

WOULD is used to express a habitual activity in present and past tenses.

MUST is - also used like SHOULD but a bit stronger.

OUGHT TO - is also used like SHOULD but the strongest.

See some sentences randomly.

Could you speak English? (Active, Additional Simple present)

I could work without fear yesterday though nobody was there. (Active, Additional simple past)

It might rain, I think. (Active, Additional simple present)

He might come there but I didn't see him. (Additional simple past)

You might / could / would have been a doctor if you had chosen science on your twelfth standard. (Active, Future in the past tense)

The house construction might / could / would / should / must/ have been finished if you had assigned a good architect. (Passive, Future in the past tense)

It might be raining soon. (Active additional present continuous tense)

It might be raining yesterday so that the soil looks moisture. (Additional past continuous tense)

You should obey the rules. (Active, Additional present tense)

The rules should be obeyed. (Passive, Additional present)

You should be obeying the rules. (Active, Additional present continuous)

You should have brought your testimonials but you fail to do. (Active, Future in the past)

Yes, it must have been brought. (Passive, Future in the past)

You must be standing here till I come back here. (Active, Additional present continuous)

You must do it. (Active, Additional present)

They ought to practice more. (Active, Additional present)

A good trainer ought to be placed. (Passive, Additional present)

A good trainer ought to have been placed. (Passive, Future in the past)

All you guys ought to be saluting till the chief guest is crossing this area. (Active, Additional present continuous)

ADDITIONAL AUXILIARIES CUM VERBS

DARE and NEED are called the name above.

These can be used as an auxiliary and as a verb.

"How DARE you ask this question?" AUXILIARY

"How do you DARE to ask this question?" VERB

"NEED I come with you?" AUX

"Do I NEED to come with you?" VERB

Note: There is no difference in the meaning whether it is used as an auxiliary or a verb.

5. ADJECTIVE

Is a word that describes quality of a noun, placing before or after a ‘be’ form verb.

“She is a BEAUTIFUL girl"

“She is BEAUTIFUL"

BEAUTIFUL is an adjective here. It is describing the girl's quality.

First one is ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION.

and the second one is PREDICATE POSITION.

Another one position is there, that is called POST

POSITIVE POSITION.

"Kamarajar THE GREAT was genius and honest in politics"

This position is used rarely in the language. (Likely all adjectival subordinate clauses are known as this position.)

Anyway, an adjective can function in three positions.

Attributive position - placing before a noun.

Predicate position - placing after a 'be' form verb in pure present or past tense.

Post positive position – after a noun and before a verb

‘ATTRIBUTIVE’ position, this is very important.

SMART BOY

MINI SKIRT

ROYAL FAMILY

INTELLIGENT PERSON

POOR MAN

RICH WOMAN

CRITICAL STATUS

FREQUENT ABILITY

TOUGH QUESTION

EXAMINATION HALL

HALL SUPERVISOR

SUPERVISOR ROLE

GOOD BOOK

BOOK STALL

STALL ITEMS

RUNNING RACE

RACE CAR

CAR DRIVER

DRIVER DUTY

DUTY DOCTOR

DOCTOR'S ROOM

ROOM MATE

SPOKEN ENGLISH

ENGLISH TEACHER

TEACHER JOB

JOB SEEKER

DRIVING LICENCE

LICENCE HOLDER

Of these, the first word in each is ADJECTIVE. It describes the status or quality of the second word that is noun.

As the adjective in each set is placed before the noun, it is called ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION.

Many varieties are there in this position.

1. Standard adjective

2. Noun adjective

3. Past participle adjective

4. Present participle adjective

5. Definite/Demonstrative adjective

6. Indefinite adjective

7. Possessive adjective

1. Standard Adjective means, a stamped mark adjective. Only this is called ADJECTIVE in the parts of speech whereas other types belong to other parts of speech.

This type adjective ends in ...al,.....ive, .......ous, ......nt, .....full.

NATURAL scene

ACTIVE person

MISCELLANEOUS file

CONSTANT idea

BEAUTIFUL bungalow

The feature of this type of adjective is that, only it can be used in ATTRIBUTIVE and PREDICATE positions whereas other types cannot be used.

2. Noun adjective means that a noun can describe a noun adjacently.

ENGLISH teacher

ROOM mate

CLASS room

ELECTION booth

(See a noun describes a noun, it’s also called an attributive noun)

3. Past participle adjective means that a past participle form of verb can describe the quality of a noun.

SPOKEN English

BROKEN pieces

CLOSED file

SENTENCED accused

RESERVED seat

4. Present participle adjective means that a present participle form of a verb can be an adjective.

SPEAKING toy

RUNNING race

SWIMMING pool

SMOKING room

LISTENING skills

DRIVING license

5. Definite or Demonstrative adjective means that some definite pronouns can be an adjective.

THAT boy

THESE persons

THOSE students

THIS guy

SUCH matter

6. Indefinite adjective means that some indefinite pronouns can be an adjective.

SOME boys

A FEW members

ANY person

ALL participants

MANY voters

7. Possessive adjective means that some possessive nouns/pronouns can be an adjective.

COLLECTOR'S bungalow

PETER'S purse, PEOPLE'S money, MY name, OUR village,

YOUR country, HIS idea, HER hair, ITS tail, THEIR team

(MY OUR YOUR HIS HER ITS THERE ARE also called possessive adjectives)

Note: Other positions can carry only standard adjectives.

06. ADVERB is a word that amplifies a verb's action.

One that looks like an answer to the Questions HOW, WHERE, WHEN will be an adverb.

Quality of action is the answer to HOW. That is called

ADVERB OF QUALITY.

Place where an action goes is an ADVERB OF PLACE.

Time when an action goes on is an ADVERB OF TIME.

Some other adverbs are there like FREQUENCY, EFFECT.

Answer to the Questions HOW OFTEN/HOW LONG/HOW FAR will be an ADVERB OF FREQUENCY.

Answer to the questions WHY/FOR WHAT will be an ADVERB OF EFFECT.

Of these, only ADVERB OF QUALITY is known as ABSOLUTE ADVERB while others are just part time adverbs.

ADVERB OF QUALITY likely ends in spelling as "........ly" except some words like ALONE SPEED FAST and so on

Eg.

I finished the job correctly.

He came here alone.

They bowl always fast.

You must know fundamentally to drive a car.

Intelligently he has answered.

ADVERB OF QUALITY can be placed anywhere such as subjective or predicative.

Surely I will come.

I will surely come.

I will come surely.

07. ARTICLES

There are 3 words in the language.

THE

These are called ARTICLES. They just denote some nouns or noun phrase.

‘A’ and ‘AN’ are called INDEFINITE ARTICLES while the remains ‘THE’ is called DEFINITE ARTICLE.

A boy (any boy) INDEFINITE

An Institution (any institution) INDEFINITE

The boy (the particular boy) DEFIITE

The Institution (the particular Institution) DEFINITE

In Indefinite,

‘A’ is used before a word that starts a consonant sound while ‘AN’ is used before a word that begins a vowel sound.

The same thing happens in Definite article.

‘THE’ is used and pronounced as "DHA' when it is used before a word that begins a consonant sound, while it sounds as "DHI" when it appears before a word that begins a vowel sound.

How to identify the place whether one is indefinite or definite..?

"I saw a man with an umbrella in his hand. the man was struggling with the umbrella to fold it.

A boy came and helped THE man. In ending the boy asked the man where he was from.the man replied that he was an MLA of a constituency."

Take care of using indefinite articles before a word that may not begin with vowel letter but vowel sound

AN MLA (EMELYAE),

AN MD (EMDEE)

AN HOUR (AUR)

Sometimes, some vowel letters might not give vowel sound.

A UNIT (YOONIT)

A EUROPEAN (YOOROPEAN)

A EUCALYPTUS TREE (YOOKOLIPTAS)

08. PREPOSITION is a word that links two words in a sentence or phrase.

"I am living IN Nagapattinam"

"Is she going TO Chennai?"

"Where are you FROM?"

"Keep it INTO your pocket"

"English is spoken ACROSS the world BY millions OF People"

"One OF the pens is INSIDE the drawer OF my table located NEAR the wall mirror"

Capitalised above are prepositions.

Leading prepositions are,

ON, IN, UNDER, NEAR, ACROSS, AROUND, ABOVE, BELOW, BETWEEN, INSIDE, OUTSIDE, INTO, ONTO, UP TO, TILL, ABOUT, OF, AT, AMONG, OVER, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT and so on.

We can't make sentences without contribution of PREPOSITIONS, so that the role of preposition is so important in the language.

PREPOSITON PHRASES are there in the language besides PREPOSITIONS.

Leading prepositions phrases are,

ACCORDING TO

WITH A VIEW TO

BY VIRTUE OF

BY DINT OF

DUE TO

WITH REFERENCE TO

and so on.

These are used likely in simple sentences for wrapping a matter that may be expressed in a complex sentence.

"DUE TO heavy rain, the match was collapsed"

The complex sentence -"As it rained heavily, the match was collapsed" has been wrapped as a simple sentence by using the prepositional phrase DUE TO.

This is the main advantage of PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.

09. CONJUNCTION is a word that connects two different clauses. (Sub-ordinate clause + Main clause; Main clause + Main clause)

Clause means sentence.

Main clause means that a sentence which stands alone and completes a meaning.

Sub-ordinate clause means that a clause which is depending a main clause. It can't stand alone.

"As I was busy, I couldn't attend your call."

As - is conjunction here

As I was busy - is sub-ordinate clause.

I couldn't attend your call - is main clause.

If a conjunction connects a sub-ordinate clause with a Main clause, that is known as a sub-ordinate conjunction.

AS is a sub-ordinate conjunction here since it acts as said above.

The combination of these two sentences is called

COMPLEX SENTENCE.

"It is raining but the match is going on."

But – is a conjunction here.

It is raining - is Main clause.

The match is going on - is also a main clause.

Since BUT connects two different main clauses, it is called a Coordinate conjunction. The combination of these two sentences is called COMPOUND SENTENCE.

Leading Sub-ordinate conjunctions are,

IF, UNLESS, AS, THAT, BECAUSE, NEVERTHELESS, SINCE, TILL, UNTIL, WHEREAS, HOWEVER, THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH etc.,

The relative pronouns/adverbs - WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH/WHEN, WHERE, are also called sub-ordinate conjunction though these are labelled as relative pronouns/adverbs.

Leading Absolute* Coordinate conjunctions are,

BUT, YET, STILL etc.,

Non-absolute** Coordinate conjunctions are,

SO, SO THAT, AND, AND SO, HENCE, THEREFORE, THAT IS WHAT, THST IS WHY etc.,

*ABSOLUTE COORDINATE. Even if you interchange the place of the main clauses, meaning won't be damaged.

**NON-ABSOLUTE COORDINATE.

If you interchange the clauses meaning would change.

10. INTERJECTION.

The words those may be used in our expressions during being surprised, being annoyed, being startled by one is called INTERJECTION.

WOW, OH, OOH, OOPS, ALAS, HOH, YUP, HURRAY/HURRAH - are called INTERJECTIONS.

➡️Wow! What a six it is/was!

➡️Oops..! You are timeout!

➡️Hurray..! CSK win in the game!

➡️Alas...! It's a big calamity..!

➡️Oh..! Are you sure...?

➡️Ooh...! He has just missed..!

➡️Yup..! Just do it one more time!.

Anyway, INTERJECTIONS would give a tune to our expressions.

11. PUNCTUATIONS

This is also concerned as one of the parts of speech in this approach.

Punctuations are marks that give a tone and tune to your sentences.

Punctuations are common in almost all languages.

Leading Punctuations

Full stop

Gives a completion tone to an expression.

Comma

Gives a pause tone to a continual expression.

Question mark

Gives a tone of interrogative expression.

Exclamation mark

Gives a surprising tone to an expression.

Semicolon

;

Gives a tone like comma but for each of many clauses.

Colon

Used after a character.

Open bracket

(

Used for covering an additional matter.

Close bracket

)

The same as above

Hyphen

Used instead of comma or brackets

Underscore

Used uncommonly but for digital purpose.

Open curve

{

Used in the mathematical contents.

Close curve

}

The same as above

Open square bracket

[

Used instead of curve bracket.

Close square bracket

]

The same as above

END

All copyrights reserved by the Author. Copying plagiarising reproducing at any form is not allowed without prior permission from the Author. Any clarification about this book is welcome.

V.MAHENDIRAN

AUTHOR

FOUNDER,

MAHENDIRAN GLOBAL ENGLISH,

NORTH POIGAINALLUR,

NAGAPATTINAM,

MOBILE: 91- 9842490745, 91-638040625

MAIL: poigaimahi@gmail.com

Blog: mahendiranglobalenglish.blogspot.com

Written, printed and published by V.Mahendiran

MAHENDIRAN GLOBAL ENGLISH, NORTH POIGAINALLUR NAGAPATTINAM,TAMILNADU, INDIA 611106

Mobile 91-9842490745, 91-6380406625

poigaimahi@gmail.com

mahendiranglobalenglish.blogspot.com

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MAHENDIRAN GLOBAL ENGLISH

PARTS OF SPEECH - A NEW APPROACH WRITTEN BY MAHENDIRAN V

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