ADMISSION GOES ON FOR OUR ONLINE ENGLISH COACHING CLASS

PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

The detailed explanation of each part - a new approach. 

Written by Mahendiran V, a visiting professor of 'English as a foreign language'.

INTRODUCTION  

Any word we use in the language would belong to any one of 10 parts. If we add punctuation in this case , there would be 11 parts of speech in English.

NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, AUXILIARY, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, ARTICLES, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION and PUNCTUATION are those parts.

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01.NOUN 

Noun is a word that is seen anything in front of us. Four kinds of nouns are there. See "classification of nouns" in this page.

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS

There are 4 kinds of nouns.

PROPER

COMMON

COLLECTIVE

ABSTRACT

PROPER NOUN means

Names of persons/ countries/ months/ days.

(RAJU INDIA CHENNAI TAMILNADU JANUARY MONDAY)

COMMON NOUN means

Common persons, things, places, any living and non living being.

(FATHER MOTHER SISTER TEMPLE PARK FISH SEA TEA TIGER FOREST CROW WATER MAN WOMAN SHOP ROAD RECEIPT CAR VAN DRIVER FOOD and so on...)

COLLECTIVE NOUN means

A bunch of persons/ things..

Anything that is mass of amount.

(MILITARY GANG CROWD POLICE TEAM CATTLE UNIT SQUAD and so on...)

ABSTRACT NOUN means

Quality or status or dignity of a person or a thing or anything.

Can't see or feel but recognize them.

(INVESTIGATION EXAMINATION AWARENESS PRECAUTION VELOCITY GRAVITY POSSESSEVINESS AMBITION ENEMINESS (enemy is common noun) TRUST FUND SUFFICIENCY LACKNESS BEAUTY UGLINESS SENSE KNOWLEDGE FOOLISHNESS CORRECTION and so on...)

CATEGORIES OF NOUNS 

There are three categories on which a noun can function. 

A. Simple noun

B. Noun phrase

C. Noun clause. 

A. Simple noun. 

Any noun being a single word is called simple noun. 

HOUSE, MAN, PETER RIVER, SKY, CROWD, DENSITY etc. 

B. Noun phrase. 

A noun with phrasal information is called noun phrase. 

SOME OF THE BOYS, THE HEAT OF THE SUN, SHYAMALA'S DRESS, LIVING STYLE OF PEOPLE OF INDIA etc. 

C. Noun clause. 

A sentence that can be a noun as a subordinate clause and supporting a main clause in complex sentence is known as Noun clause. 

(Capitalised is noun clause) 

"I don't understand WHAT YOU ARE SAYING."

"May I know WHAT YOUR NAME IS?" 

'WHICH WE OFFER AS A COMPLEMENT WITH THE PRODUCT too is under warranty."

(Noun clause is always connected with main clause using a relative pronoun like WHAT, WHICH etc.)

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02. PRONOUN 

Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. 

Basic pronouns are so important.

I, WE YOU, HE, SHE, IT THEY are SUBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

ME, US, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM are OBJECTIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

MY, OUR, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR are POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVAL BASIC PRONOUNS.

MINE, OURS, YOURS, HIS, HERS, ITS, THEIRS are POSSESSIVE BSSIC PRONOUNS.

MYSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSEF/YOURSELVES, HIMSELF, HERSELF, ITSELF, THEMSELVES are REFLEXIVE BASIC PRONOUNS.

Why are pronouns considered so important? 

Millions of nouns can simply be replaced by these pronouns besides some other pronouns seen later. 

I WE YOU are called personal pronouns, HE SHE IT are known as third person singular pronouns, and THEY is a third person plural pronoun.

Shall we use them in sentences? 

I am a Prof.

All call me Prof.Mahendiran

My ambition is to make all be good in English.

All the matters seen here are mine.

We are of course Indians. 

The world respect us. 

Our ambition is to develop our nation. 

The duty is ours. 

Let's keep it clean ourselves. 

Are you Mr. Raj? 

The MD calls you. 

Is it your real name? 

Is this bag yours?

Try to finish it yourself. 

Is he your friend? 

Please ask him to come. 

What is his name? 

I think that this bike is his. 

Did he come himself? 

She is Vimala. 

All are calling her Vimi. 

What is her demand? 

Is it hers? 

She does her duty always herself. 

It is our pet. 

We call it Jimmy 

Its tail is long. 

This food is its. 

It would eat itself. 

They are my friends. 

I am always with them. 

Their help to me is very high. 

The vehicles seen here are theirs. 

They forwarded in life themselves. 

Also some additional pronouns are there used obviously in the English language. 

What are they? 

DEMONSTRATIVE, INDEFINTE, INTERROGATIVE/RELATIVE, RECIPROCAL, DISTRIBUTIVE. 

MORE ABOUT THE PRONOUNS. 

Besides Basic, some pronouns are so important and to be known. 

Demonstrative Pronouns. 

THIS, THAT, SUCH, THESE, THOSE 

"THIS is my friend"

"THAT is not mine"

[These words are also known as 'demonstrative Adjectives' when they are followed by a noun] 

"THIS Bag is not mine" (THIS is adjective here) 

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 Indefinite Pronouns.

SOME, MANY, ALL, A FEW, ONE, NONE/NOBODY, EVERYBODY/EVERYONE, SOMEBODY/SOMEONE. 

"SOME are waiting for the M.D" "A FEW are carrying offer in sales"

(Here too these words can be acting as adjectives if tgey are followed by noun."A FEW items are carrying offer in sales" ) 

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Interrogative Pronouns. 

WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE etc., 

"WHAT are you suggesting about this case?"

"WHICH does trouble you?"

"WHOM do you call as a witness here?"

[Here too, if those words are followed by nouns, it is known as Interrogative adjective. 

In WHICH court are you practising?]

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Relative Pronouns. 

All interrogative pronouns can act as a relative pronoun. 

"WHO doesn't have passion in his profession can't achieve in his field."

"Is the man WHOM you are calling a witness your relative?" Asked Judge. 

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Reciprocal Pronouns. 

EACH, OTHER, ANOTHER. 

"They look like made for EACH OTHER." 

"EACH has to submit the details today itself." 

"Please go and convince with one and ANOTHER." 

"Yes, Call ANOTHER to enquire."

[Note: If they are followed by nouns, Be known that they are reciprocal adjectives] 

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Distributive Pronouns. 

EITHER, NEITHER. 

Likely these are used as a conjunction phrase. But these too are pronouns. 

"EITHER of you must be present in the court." 

"NEITHER of them has come." ( Both Shankar and Peter haven't come). 

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03. VERB 

Verb is the soul of the language. A word that gives an action to a sentence is verb.

Millions are there. Every verb functions as four forms.

V1, V2, V3, V4. These are called respectively PRESENT FORM, PAST FORM, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM and PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM.

(See, the details of verbs in this page)

These are used in 20 tenses with a support of auxiliary. No verb functions without auxiliary in a sentence. ( A.V TABLE FOR 20 TENSES)

VERB IS THE PRIME CHARECTER IN THE ENGLISH PLAY. 

SO YOU ARE ADVISED TO STUDY IT IN THE SNIPPET TITLED "THE CATEGORIES OF VERB FORMS" 

Presenll, know what the verb is, and how they functuon in a sentence. 

CATEGORIES OF VERB FORMS 

Verb is well known that a word which gives an action to a sentence and every verb functions as four forms such as present form, past form, past participle form and present participle form. 

Based on the variation of spelling of forms, in my approach, verbs are categorized as five types than two types what world English pattern says. Lets go ahead to Introduction to gather more.

INTRODUCTION  

Verbs are categorized as weak and strong (or) regular and irregular based on variation in spelling of verb forms in academic pattern probably worldwide. Being similar in spelling past form and past participle form particularly ending as ed is known as weak or regular verbs. Others are known as strong or irregular verbs- is obviously followed academically.

Here, my approach brings a clear cut method in form segregation.

I would say that there are five categories in verbs. They are,

REGULAR VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 2 VERBS

SEMI REGULAR 3 VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

REGULAR VERBS

 Verbs of which present form past form and past participle are similar in spelling eg. put put put putting / spread spread spread spreading / cut cu cut cutting / set set set setting / hit hit hit hitting/ etc are known Regular verbs. Spellings in first three forms are regular, arent they? So, it is called in this approach regular verbs but it is called in world English pattern irregular verbs or strong verbs. No a very big volume of verbs is in this category. 

Lets see them in a table.

REGULAR VERBS 

SPELLING IS SIMILAR IN PRESENT PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE 

PRESENT FORM 

✅

PAST FORM 

✅

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM 

✅

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM 

PUT

PUT

PUT

PUTTING 

CUT 

CUT

CUT 

CUTTING 

SHUT

SHUT

SHUT

SHUTTING 

SEMI REGULAR 1 VERBS

Verbs of which past form and past participle forms are similar in spelling eg. talk talked talked talking / walk walked walked walking /cry cried cried crying / study studied studied studying / teach taught taught teaching / catch caught caught catching/ etc are known semi regular 1 verbs as two forms spellings are regular. But of this ed ending is called regular verbs or weak verbs in world English pattern. There is a very big volume of verbs in this category. Lets see them in a table.

PRESENT FORM 

PAST FORM ✅

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM ✅

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM 

SECTION 

WALK

WALKED 

WALKED 

WALKING 

..ed Ending 

TALK

TALKED

TALKED

TALKING 

"

OPEN

OPENED

OPENED

OPENING 

"

CRY

CRIED

CRIED 

CRYING 

..ied Ending 

STUDY 

STUDIED

STUDIED 

STUDYING 

"

CARRY

CARRIED

CARRIED

CARRYING 

"

FIND

FOUND

FOUND 

FINDING 

Solid Ending 

CATCH

CAUGHT 

CAUGHT 

CATCHING 

"

FIGHT 

FOUGHT 

FOUGHT 

FIGHTING 

"

SEMI REGULAR 1 can be divided as 3 sections such as ed ending, ied ending’ and ‘solid ending’.

SR 1 ed ending

TALK WALK OPEN CLOSE KNOCK FINISH START RUB ERASE FACE BOWL BAT FIELD IRON PLAY MOVE etc are known ed ending as they end ased in the suffix of past and past participle forms.

SR 1 ied ending

CRY STUDY CARRY BURY SPECIFY SIGNIFY TARIFY MODIFY etc are known ied ending as they end as ied in the suffix of past and past participle forms.

SR1 solid ending

TEACH CATCH SLEEP THINK FIND BUY BRING STAND etc are known solid ending as they do not end as said above but solidly in the suffix of the past and past participle forms. 

SEMI REGULAR 2 VERBS 

Verbs of which present form and past participle form are similar in spelling e.g. come came come coming / run ran run running / become became become becoming / etc are known semi regular 2 verbs as two forms spellings are regular. But it is called irregular verbs or strong verbs in world English pattern. Only a few verbs are found in this category.

PRESENT FORM 

✅

PAST FORM 

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM ✅                       

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM 

COME

CAME

COME

COMING 

BECOME 

BECAME 

BECOME 

BECOMING 

OVERCOME 

OVERCAME 

OVERCOME 

OVERCOMING 

SEMI REGULAR 3 VERBS

Verbs of which present form and past form are similar in spelling. e.g. beat beat beaten beating are known semi regular3 verbs as two forms spelling are regular. But it is called irregular or strong verbs in standard pattern. Rarely verbs are found in this category.

PRESENT FORM 

✅

PAST FORM 

✅

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM 

BEAT

BEAT

BEATEN 

BEATING 

IRREGULAR VERBS

Verbs of which forms are varying with each other among four forms e.g. write wrote written writing/ speak spoke spoken speaking / drive drove driven driving / go went gone going/ etc are known irregular verbs as spellings are seen irregular with each other. This is called the same in the world English pattern. A very big volume of verbs can be found in this category.

PRESENT FORM 

PAST FORM 

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM 

GO

WENT 

GONE 

GOING 

WRITE 

WROTE 

WRITTEN 

WRITING 

FALL

FELL

FALLEN 

FALLING 

CONCLUSION

REGULAR------------------------(similar spelling in present, past and past participle forms. 

SEMI REGULAR 1 -------------(similar spelling in past and past participle forms [3 branches: ed ending, ied ending, solid ending]

SEMI REGULAR 2 -------------(similar spelling in present and past participle form. 

SEMI REGULAR 3--------------(similar spelling in present and past forms. 

IRREGULAR---------------------(each form has different spelling. 

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04. AUXILIARY 

Auxiliary is a word that supports to a verb for its action. 

A verb cannot function in a sentence without an auxiliary.

There are only 26 auxiliaries in the language.

AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE 

These are called DESIGNATED AUXILIARY CUM VERB. These words can function as an auxiliary and as a verb in different situations.

The feature of these words is, when these are used as a verb, they will not take any auxiliary for support.

DO, DOES, DID, HAVE, HAS, HAD, BE, BEEN, BEING - are called AUXILIARY CUM VERB.

These too can be used as an auxiliary and as a verb in different situations.

When they are used as a verb they would need an auxiliary for support.

MAY CAN SHALL WILL - are called PURE AUXILIARIES.

They cannot be used as a verb at any situation but as an auxiliary that is a big role to determine the tenses.

MIGHT COULD WOULD SHOULD MUST OUGHT TO - known as Premium pure auxiliaries. They too can be used only as an auxiliary. Can never be used as a verb.

DARE and NEED are also called as featured auxiliaries though they can be used as a normal verb.

05. ADJECTIVE 

Adjective is a word that describes quality of a noun, placing before or placing after a be form verb is called ADJECTIVE.

" She is a BEAUTIFUL girl"

" She is BEAUTIFUL"

BEAUTIFUL is adjective here. It is describing the girl's quality.

First one is ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE and the second one is PREDICATE ADJECTIVE.

Another one is there, that is, POST POSITIVE POSITION.

"Kamarajar THE GREAT was genius and honest in politics"

(Genius and honest also adjectives here. They are in PREDICATE position.)

This position is used rarely in the language.

Anyway, an adjective can function in three positions.

Attributive position (placing before a noun) and Predicate position (placing after a 'be' form verb in pure present or past tense) are frequently used in the language. The last one is post positive position. Rarely it is used.

ATTRIBUTIVE position. That is very important.

SMART BOY

MINI SKIRT 

ROYAL FAMILY

INTELLIGENT PERSON

POOR MAN

RICH WOMAN

CRITICAL STATUS

FREQUENT ABILITY

TOUGH QUESTION

EXAMINATION HALL

HALL SUPERVISOR

SUPERVISOR ROLE

GOOD BOOK 

BOOK STALL 

STALL ITEMS

RUNNING RACE

RACE CAR

CAR DRIVER

DRIVER DUTY

DUTY DOCTOR

DOCTOR'S ROOM

ROOM MATE 

SPOKEN ENGLISH

ENGLISH TEACHER

TEACHER JOB

JOB SEEKER

DRIVING LICENCE

LICENCE HOLDER

Of these, the first word in each is ADJECTIVE. It describes the status or quality of the second word, that is NOUN . 

As the adjective in each set is placed before the noun, it is called ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION.

Many varieties are there in this position. 

1.Standard adjective

2.Noun adjective

3.Past participle adjective

4.Present participle adjective

5.Definite/Demonstrative adjective

6.Indefinite adjective

7.Possessive adjective

1.Standard Adjective means, a stamp marked adjective. Only This is called ADJECTIVE in parts of speech whereas other types belong to other parts of speech.

This type adjective ends in ...al,

.....ive, .......ous, ......nt, ......full.

NATURAL scene

ACTIVE person

MISCELLANEOUS file

CONSTANT idea

BEAUTIFUL bungalow.

The feature of this type of adjective is that, only it can be used in ATTRIBUTIVE and PREDICATE positions whereas other types cannot be used.

2. Noun adjective means that a noun can describe an another one noun adjecently.

ENGLISH teacher

ROOM mate

CLASS room

ELECTION booth

*You can frame many like these.

3. Past participle adjective means that a past participle form of verb can describe the quality of a noun.

SPOKEN English

BROKEN pieces

CLOSED file

SENTENCED accused

RESERVED seat

4. Present participle adjective means that a present participle form of a verb can be an adjective.

SPEAKING toy

RUNNING race

SWIMMING pool

SMOKING room

LISTENING skills

DRIVING licence

5. Definite or Demonstrative adjective means that some definite pronouns can be an adjective.

THAT boy

THESE persons

THOSE students

THIS guy

SUCH matter

6. Indefinite adjective means that some indefinite pronouns can be an adjective.

SOME boys

A FEW members

ANY person

ALL participants

MANY voters

7. Possessive adjective means that some possessive nouns/pronouns can be an adjective.

COLLECTOR'S bungalow

PETER'S purse

PEOPLE'S money

MY name

OUR village

YOUR country

HIS idea

HER hair

ITS tail

THEIR team

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06. ADVERB 

Adjective is a word that amplifies a verb's action. 

One that looks like an answer to the Questions HOW, WHERE, WHEN will be an adverb.

Quality of action is the answer to HOW. That is called ADVERB OF QUALITY.

Place where an action goes is ADVERB OF PLACE.

Time when an action goes on is ADVERB OF TIME.

Some other adverbs are there like FREQUENCY, EFFECT. 

Answer to the Questions HOW OFTEN/HOW LONG/HOW FAR will be ADVERB OF FREQUENCY. 

Answer to the questions WHY/FOR WHAT will be an ADVERB OF EFFECT.

Of these ADVERB OF QUALITY is knowns as ABSOLUTE ADVERB while in others, likely noun and noun with adjective are fulfilled in a sentence.

ADVERB OF QUALITY likely end in spelling as "........ly" except some words like ALONE SPEED FAST and so on.

Eg.

I finished the job correctly.

He came here alone .

They bowl always fast.

You must know fundamentally to drive a car.

Intelligently he has answered.

ADVERB OF QUALITY can be placed before the subject or verb or object wherever we wish although its place is after the object.

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07. ARTICLES

There are 3 words in the language.

A

An

THE

These are called ARTICLES. They just denote some nouns or noun phrase.

A and AN are called INDEFINITE ARTICLES while the remain THE is called DEFINITE ARTICLES.

A boy (any boy)

An Institution (any institution)

The boy (the particular boy)

The Institution (the particular Institution)

In Indefinite, 

A is used before a word that starts a consonant sound. 

AN is used before a word that begins a vowel sound.

The same thing happens in Definite article.

THE is used and pronounced as "DHA' when it is used before a word that begins a consonant sound, while it is sounded as "DHI" when it appears before a word that begins a vowel sound.

How to identify the place whether one is indefinite or definite..?

"I saw A man with AN umbrella in his hand. THE man was struggling with THE umbrella to fold it.

A boy came and helped THE man. In ending THE boy asked THE man where he was from.

THE man replied that he was AN MLA of A constituency."

Take care of using indefinite articles before a word that may not begin with vowel letter but vowel sound 

AN MLA (EMELYAE), 

AN MD (EMDEE)

AN HOUR (AUR)

Sometimes, some vowel letters might not give vowel sound. 

A UNIT (YOONIT)

A EUROPEAN (YOOROPEAN)

A EUCALYPTUS TREE (YOOKOLIPTAS)

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08. PREPOSITION 

Preposition is a word that links two words in a sentence or phrase.

"I am living IN Nagapattinam"

"Is she going TO Chennai?"

"Where are you FROM?"

"Keep it INTO your pocket"

"English is spoken ACROSS the world BY millions OF People"

"One OF pens is INSIDE the drawer OF my table located NEAR the wall mirror"

Capitalised above are prepositions.

Leading prepositions are, 

ON, IN, UNDER, NEAR, ACROSS, AROUND, ABOVE, BELOW, BETWEEN, INSIDE, OUTSIDE, INTO, ONTO, UP TO, TILL, ABOUT, OF, AT, AMONG, OVER, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT and so on.

We can't make sentences without contribution of PREPOSITIONS, so that the role of preposions is so important in the language.

PREPOSITON PHRASES are there in the language besides PREPOSITIONS.

Leading pre.phrases are, 

ACCORDING TO

WITH A VIEW TO

BY VIRTUE OF

BY DINT OF

DUE TO

WITH REFERENCE TO

and so on.

These are used likely in simple sentences for wrapping a matter that may be expressed in a complex sentece.

"DUE TO heavy rain, the match was collapsed"

The complex sentence -"As it rained heavily, the match was collapsed" has been wrapped as a simple sentence by using the preposional phrase DUE TO.

This is the main advantage of PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.

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09. CONJUNCTION 

Conjunction is a word that connects two different clauses. (Sub-ordinate clause + Main clause ; Main clause + Main clause)

Clause means sentence.

Main clause means that a sentence stands alone and completing a meaning.

Sub-ordinate clause means that a clause is depending a main clause. It can't stand alone.

"As I was busy, I couldn't attened your call."

➡️As - is conjunction here.

➡️As I was busy - is sub-ordinate clause.

➡️I couldn't attend your call - is main clause.

If a conjunction connects a sub-ordinate clause with a Main clause, that is known as a sub-ordinate conjunction.

AS is a sub-ordinate conjunction here since it acts as said above.

The combination of these two sentences is called COMPLEX SENTENCE.  

"It is raining but the match is going on."

But - is conjunction here.

It is raining - is Main clause.

The match is going on - is also a main clause.

Since BUT connects two different main clauses, it is called a Coordinate conjunction.

The combination of these two sentences is called COMPOUND SENTENCE. 

➡️Leading Sub-ordinate conjunctions are,

IF, UNLESS, AS, THAT, BECAUSE, NEVERTHELESS, SINCE, TILL, UNTIL, WHEREAS, HOWEVER, THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH etc.,

The relative pronouns/adverbs - WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH/WHEN, WHERE, are also called sub-ordinate conjunction though these are labelled as relative pronouns/adverbs.

➡️Leading Absolute* Coordinate conjunctions are,

BUT, YET, STILL etc.,

Non-absolute** Coordinate conjunctions are,

SO, SO THAT, AND, AND SO, HENCE, THEREFORE, THAT IS WHAT, THST IS WHY etc.,

*ABSOLUTE COORDINATE. Even if you interchange the places of the main clauses, meaning won't be damaged.

**NON-ABSOLUTE COORDINATE.

If you interchange the clauses meaning would change.

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10. INTERJECTION.

Some words are in English language such as WOW, OH, OOH, OOPS, ALAS, HOH, YUP, HURRAY/HURRAH etc., Those may be used by one when the one is surprised or annoyed or startled by another one or thing. Those words are called INTERJECTION.

 See some examples.

➡️Wow! What a six it is/was!

➡️Oops..! You are timeout! 

➡️Hurray..! CSK win in the game!

➡️Alas...! It's a big calamity..!

➡️Oh..! Are you sure...?

➡️Ooh...! He has just missed..!

➡️Yup..! Just do it one more time !.

Anyway, INTERJECTIONS would give a tune to our expressions hence the exclamation mark is used in the end of the sentences.

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11. PUNCTUATIONS

This is also concerned as one of the parts of speech in this approach.

Punctuations are marks that give a tone and tune to your sentences.

Punctuations are common in almost all languages.

Leading Punctuations

Full stop .

Comma ,

Question mark ?

Exclamation mark. !

Semicolon ;

Colon :

Open bracket (

Close bracket. )

Hyphen -

Underscore _

Open curve {

Close curve }

Open square bracket [

Close square bracket ]

and so on...

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The copyright is reserved by me. Copying plagiarizing or any other activity like photocopying screaning shot without my written permission is prohibited.

MAHENDIRAN V

The Author

poigaimahi@gmail.com

Mobile 91- 9842490745