LESSON 3. THE RULES OF VOICE AND TENSE- V.MAHENDIRAN

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LESSON 3 
THE RULES OF VOICE AND TENSE

The major point in English, a learner must know is that the rules of Voice and Tense. Anything in the language is depending this rule. Thus, I submit this here to all level of  learners across the world.
Perhaps any comments, kindly call  or mail to me. 
V.MAHENDIRAN

Voice is a configuration that expresses an idea. There are two voices such as, active and passive. Any statement in any tense can exist on both voices but it depends on the situation about what we are to talk.

Likely passive voice tends in very formal writing as well as in highly standard speaking.

The aptitude of English language users is valued of their usage of passive structures in their writing and speaking though active voice is used normally.

Which voice to be preferred is determined not according to a speaker, but the situation what one speaks. Although a matter can be spoken / written on both voices, only a certain voice is on top form for a situation.

Instead of forming ‘How is your father calling you?’ in active, a good speaker would not form as ‘How are you being called by your father?’ in passive, as it is unusual though grammatically right.

Likewise, instead of forming ‘Was it dispatched?’ In passive, ‘Did you dispatch it?’ is not formed by a good speaker in active because of situation, though both are grammatically right. Therefore, voice is preferred for situation; don’t think that this is an exercise. Once again it is said that it’s not an exercise that changing active to passive or passive to active but should practice the conversion for forming structures frequently.

Active voice	Passive voice
When did you finish your U.G?	When was your U.G finished by you?
Are you all right?	--------impossible  due to intransitive--------------
You will surely defeat them.	They will be surely defeated by you.
Is there anybody waiting for me?	---------impossible due to intransitive------------
Is there anybody looking for me?	Am I being looked for by anybody there?

As above any tense can be structured on both voices; perhaps being intransitive that cannot be done; gather up more details in ‘what is tense’

Note:

What happens when active is changed into passive?

ð  Subject in active voice changes an object in passive.

ð  Object in active acts as a subject in passive.

ð  Only past participle form tends in passive.

ð  Individual rule is observed in using auxiliaries on both voices.

ð  Intransitives are not made in passive.

ð  Some tenses are not often used in passive, see the lesson ‘tense analysis’

ð  However, Voice changing will never change the meaning at any cost.

VOICE

ACTIVE SUBJECT DEALS

PASSIVE SUBJECT IS DEALT

In active voice, subject deals an object through a combination of auxiliary and verb form according to the rule assigned (see the table of active voice rule- formulae of tenses in ‘what is tense?). In transitive statement object would exist. Object wouldn’t exist in intransitive statement.

Ragu comes (Intransitive)

Ragu reads the chart (Transitive)

We are Indians (Intransitive)

We agree your statement (Transitive)

In passive voice, subject is dealt by an object through a combination of auxiliary and verb form according to the rule assigned (see the table of passive voice rule -formulae of tenses in ‘what is tense?). Only past participle form is used in all tenses. Structure which contains object is known as personal passive, objectless is called impersonal passive.

All are appreciated (Impersonal)

This department is handled by Mr.Vinit  (Personal)

TENSE

Tense is a rule that expressing an idea to mean the time of an action for which one speaks. There are twelve tenses called ‘BASIC TENSES’. They are,

1)      Simple present tense,

2)      Present perfect tense,

3)      Present continuous tense,

4)      Present perfect continuous tense,

5)      Simple past tense,

6)      Past perfect tense,

7)      Past continuous tense,

8)      Past perfect continuous tense,

9)      Future tense,

10)  Future perfect tense,

11)  Future continuous tense,

12)  Future perfect continuous tense.

In addition, eight more tenses, called ‘ADDITIONAL TENSES’. They are analysed here profusely for the sake your being away from confusion in distinguishing auxiliaries, modals and verbs. Academically, only 12 tenses are taught, the following 8 are merged among the 12. In this approach, you learn basic= 12 and additional=8.

Do remember it is numbered consequently here.

13)  Pure present tense,

14)  Pure past tense,

15)  Additional present tense,

16)  Additional past tense,

17)  Additional present continuous tense,

18)  Additional past continuous tense,

19)  Future in the past tense,

20)  Future in the past continuous tense.

The formulae of tenses

Active voice

TENSE	PERSON	AUXILIARY	VERB FORM
Simple present	I, We, You ,They He, She, It	do does	Present form
Present perfect	I, We, You ,They He, She, It	have has	Past participle form
Present continuous	I He She, it we you they	am is are	Present participle form
Present perfect continuous	I, We, You ,They He, She, It	have been has been	Present participle form
Simple past	All	Did	Present form
Past perfect	All	Had	Past participle form
Past continuous	I ,He, she, It We, You, They	was were	Present participle form
Past perfect continuous	All	had been	Present participle form
Future	All	will/ shall	Present form
Future perfect	All	will have/ shall have	Past participle form
Future continuous	All	will be/shall be	Present participle form
Future perfect continuous	All	will have been / shall have been	Present participle form
Pure present	I He, She, It We, you, They	-No auxiliary is used-	am is are
Pure past	I, He, She, It We, You, They	-No auxiliary is used-	was were
Additional present	All	may/can/might/could/would/should/must Ought to	Present form
Additional past		might/could/would	Present form
Additional present continuous	All	maybe/can be/might be/could be/would be/should be/must be/ought to be	Present participle
Additional past continuous	All	might be/could be/would be	Present participle
Future in the past	All	might have/could have/would have/should have/must have/ought to have	Past participle
Future in the past continuous	All	might have been/could have been/would have been/should have been/must have been/ought to have been	Present participle

Passive voice

TENSE	PERSON	AUXILIARY	VERB FORM
Simple present	I He she it we you they	am is are	Past participle form
Present perfect	I, We, You ,They He, She, It	have been has been	,,
Present continuous	I He she it We you they	am being is being are being	,,
Present perfect continuous	I, We, You ,They He, She, It	have been being ** has been being	,,
Simple past	I he she It We you they	was were	,,
Past perfect	All	had been	,,
Past continuous	I he she it We you they	was being were being	,,
Past perfect continuous	All	had been being **	,,
Future	All	will be / shall be	,,
Future perfect	All	will have been/ shall have been	,,
Future continuous	All	will be being /shall be being **	,,
Future perfect continuous	All	will have been being/ shall have been being **	,,
Pure present	-intransitive-------	-------------- intransitive--------------••	----------------------
Pure past	-intransitive-------	-------------- intransitive--------------••	---------------------
Additional present	All	maybe/can be/might be/could be/would be/should be/must be ought to be	Past participle form
Additional past		Might be/could be/would be	,,
Additional present continuous	All	Maybe being/can be being/might be ** being/could be being/would be being/should be being/must be being/ought to be being	,,
Additional past continuous	All	might be being/could be being/would be being                                                                    **	,,
Future in the past	All	might have been/could have been/would have been/should have been/must have been/ought to have been	,,
Future in the past continuous	All	might have been being/could have been being/would have been being/should have been being/must have been being/ought to have been being                     **	,,

According to the formula, shall we activate a model sentence in all tenses?

ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
1)      I (do) write a letter	A letter is written by me
2)      I have written a letter	A letter has been written by me
3)      I am writing a letter	A letter is being written by me
4)      I have been writing a letter	A letter has been being written by me  **
5)      I did write a letter/i wrote a letter	A letter was written by me
6)      I had written a letter	A letter had been written by me
7)      I was writing a letter	A letter was being written by me
8)      I  had been writing a letter	A letter had been being written by me  **
9)      I will write a letter	A letter will be written by me
10)  I will have written a letter	A letter will have been written by me
11)  I will be writing a letter	A letter will be being written by me  **
12)  I will have been writing a letter	A letter will have been being written by me  **

See another model is taken for additional tenses.

ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
13)  I am a student	---------impossible due to intransitive ••
14)  I was in Singapore during the tsunami struck.	---------impossible due to intransitive ••
15)  I may/can/might/could/would/should/must/ought to/write a letter	A letter may be/can be/might be/could be/would be/should be/must be/ought to be/written by me
16)  I might/could/would/write a letter	A letter might be/could be/would be/written by me
17)  I may be/can be/might be/could be/would be/should be/must be/ought to be/writing a letter	A letter may be being/can be being/might be being/could be being/would be being/should be being/must be being/ought to be being/written by me **
18)  I might be/could be/would be/writing a letter	A letter might be being/could be being/would be being written by me **
19)  I might have/could have/would have/should have/must have/ought to have/written a letter	A letter might have been/could have been/would have been/should have been/must have been/ought to have been/written by me
20)  I  might have been/could have been/would have been/should have been/must have been/ought to have been/writing a letter	A letter might have been being /could have been being /would have been being /should have been being /must have been being /ought to have been being /written by me **

[Note:  ** Marked tenses are not often used according to the British pattern due to the adjacent presence of be’ forms (‘ be being’ or ‘been being’)

•• Intransitive means the sentence does not have an object so it is impossible to form in passive.]

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